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Power of a Jordan block
A Jordan block of size
k
with eigenvalue
λ
:
J
k
(
λ
)
=
λ
I
+
N
,
N
k
=
0
General formula:
J
k
(
λ
)
m
=
∑
r
=
0
k
−
1
(
m
r
)
λ
m
−
r
N
r
Entrywise:
(
J
k
(
λ
)
m
)
i
j
=
{
(
m
j
−
i
)
λ
m
−
(
j
−
i
)
if
i
≤
j
,
0
if
i
>
j
Particular cases:
Size 2
J
2
(
λ
)
m
=
(
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
0
λ
m
)
Size 3
J
3
(
λ
)
m
=
(
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
(
m
2
)
λ
m
−
2
0
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
0
0
λ
m
)
Size 4
J
4
(
λ
)
m
=
(
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
(
m
2
)
λ
m
−
2
(
m
3
)
λ
m
−
3
0
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
(
m
2
)
λ
m
−
2
0
0
λ
m
m
λ
m
−
1
0
0
0
λ
m
)