Idea to be developed further:
The Euclidean plane is flat, in the following sense. The Levi-Civita connection has a connection 1-form (upon fixing a frame ) satisfying:
The Cartan's second structural equations show that the Riemann curvature tensor (and then the Gaussian curvature) is closely related to the 2-form , so we conclude that the curvature is zero.
This flat connection induces a principal associated connection on the orthogonal frame bundle, which, at the end of the day, is the same as the Klein geometry . The associated principal connection, I guess, is also flat. I am not able to prove it, yet, but I don't mind for the moment (see here for a sketch). In any case, we again have
This principal connection is a -valued 1-form which is, in some sense, part of the Cartan connection (an -valued 1-form). In this case, the Cartan connection is the Maurer-Cartan form of , which of course satisfies
This last identity is true for any Lie group . But what about (0) and (1)? I mean, in the general context of a Klein geometry we have that it is flat, in the sense that
If the Klein geometry is reductive (as it happens with ) we have , and then, to my knowledge, decomposes in an -valued 1-form and an -valued 1-form. The form provides a principal connection on the principal bundle . This principal bundle is a kind of frame bundle for so we can consider a moving frame
Old stuff
I suspect that the curvature of a Cartan geometry is related to the curvature of a connection, and so to the curvature of a distribution. And in this sense, it represents "the deviation of a parallel transported vector along a closed loop to belong to the horizontal distribution". The horizontal distribution would be, I think, an appropriate lifting of the tangent space of ... I have to think it more...
Idea to explore
(I have to review all this)
In this question on MO it is said that the torsion can be computed as
where , being the projection on (a kind of "rotations") and the projection on (a kind of "translations"). Moreover, it is said that ... This is what is called in @needham2021visual page 440 the Cartan's second structural equation.