Question for MO of myself here. As a conclusion:
"So a reductive homogeneous space, in the sense of Sharpe's book, is precisely a homogeneous space with invariant connection on the bundle , i.e. precisely a homogeneous space with an -module decomposition ."
"The choice of is not given a priori: rather, every -invariant connection on determines one such and vice versa, so the choices of are arbitrary -invariant complements to .""
Riemannian homogeneous spaces
A Riemannian manifold is a homogeneous Riemannian manifold if its isometry group acts transitively on . It is known that all Riemannian homogeneous spaces are reductive (said in the introduction of this).